State-owned industrial firms targeted in latest round of economic warfare

By Abayomi Azikiwe
Editor, Pan-African News Wire

Earlier this month the United States administration of President
Barack Obama utilizing the Office of Foreign Assets Control announced
the extension of sanctions encompassing two fertilizer firms based in
Zimbabwe which are owned by the Industrial Development Corporation
(IDCZ), a government controlled entity.

The Office of Foreign Assets Control included Chemplex Holdings and
Zimbabwe Fertilizer Company on its sanctions list.  IDCZ owns 100
percent shareholding in Chemplex and 50 percent in the Zimbabwe
Fertilizer Company. IDCZ also controls 15 percent of shares in Sable
Chemicals, Zimbabwe’s only ammonium nitrate company.

Derick Sibanda, the spokesperson for IDCZ, said these actions by the
Obama administration were "deliberately aimed at paralyzing" the
agricultural sector of the economy and to frustrate the implementation
of Zim-Asset, the Southern African state’s economic development
program.

"Well, the two companies have been to some extent affected by virtue
of being owned by IDC but the latest development will worsen the
situation," said Sibanda."The two companies are critical in achieving
targets set under the Food and Nutrition cluster." (allafrica.com,
March 10)

The targeting of these two firms was encompassed within the broader
sanctions having been in effect since 2003. These sanctions against
Zimbabwe were in direct response to the land reform program of 2000
which seized control of 50 percent of commercial farms owned by the
descendants of British white settlers who colonized the country during
the late 19th century.

Successive U.S. administrations have never been in full support of
Zimbabwean independence even during the height of the national
liberation struggle during the 1960s and 1970s. In the aftermath of
independence in 1980, Washington sought to limit the degree of
sovereignty and economic freedom enjoyed by the people of this
agricultural and mineral rich country.

Although Zimbabwe has held numerous internationally-monitored
elections since 2000, both the previous government of President George
W. Bush and the current Obama administration have continued the
sanctions. The Zimbabwe government led by the Zimbabwe African
National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) attributes the bulk of its
economic problems to the continuation of these punitive economic
measures.

Obama issued a statement on March 6 saying in part that "The threat
constituted by the actions and policies of certain members of the
Government of Zimbabwe and other persons to undermine Zimbabwe's
democratic processes or institutions, contributing to the deliberate
breakdown in the rule of law, to politically motivated violence and
intimidation, and to political and economic instability in the
southern African region, has not been resolved.”

This same statement goes on claiming "These actions and policies
continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the foreign
policy of the United States. For these reasons, I have determined that
it is necessary to continue this national emergency and to maintain in
force the sanctions to respond to this threat.”

There were no specific documented threats to the U.S. by Zimbabwe
included in Obama’s declaration. The country maintains diplomatic
relations with Washington where both states have ambassadors deployed
in their respective capitals.

Food Shortages Worsen While Sanctions Are Expanded

These actions are taking place amid a mounting food deficit stemming
from existing sanctions and aggravated by El Nino in Southern Africa
which impacts climate and water availability in the throughout the
region.

The number of people in need of food assistance has grown to four
million according to reports published in the state-owned Herald
newspaper. Minister of Public Service, Labor and Social Welfare,
Prisca Mupfumira, noted on March 14 that the government had enough
grain stocks to cover the shortages and was speeding up the process to
import grain to ensure no one goes without food.

Minister Mupfumira stressed that the government was prepared to meet
the needs of the people saying “We have mobilized the resources, and
it is all systems out to ensure grain is moved from areas with surplus
maize to those that have a deficit.” (Herald, March 15)

She went on to emphasize that “We are now looking forward to the
importation programs to increase the flows, but the situation is under
control. In terms of transportation, the District Development Fund has
adopted a ‘hit and run’ concept that operates with a fleet of 10
trucks that move from province to province distributing maize from the
Grain Marketing Board depots to the vulnerable.”

President Robert Mugabe in a speech delivered at a rally held in
Bindura on March 18 said that despite reports of political
sectarianism in the distribution of much-need food, there would be no
discrimination based upon party affiliations. He sought to ensure the
people of the area that the government was committed to bringing
enough food to meet the burgeoning need.

“Whether we find ourselves in the party or any association, we are all
the same, bound together as one family of Zimbabweans.” He added: “As
food is being distributed, it is being distributed to people as a
whole to save them. We might differ on policies but when we talk of
food, all of us should be served. It does not matter which church or
party one belongs to.” (Herald, March 19)

Barclays to Leave Zimbabwe

The sanctions not only target potential imports and exports but other
institutions which assist the IDCZ. Barclay's Bank plc was fined $2.5
million by the Department of Treasury for ostensibly violating the
sanctions against IDCZ.

On March 5, the Zimbabwe affiliate of Barclays announced that it was
closing its operations inside the country. This could potentially have
an even more devastating impact on the country’s ability to attract
foreign direct investment.

Even though the U.S. has expanded sanctions against Zimbabwe, the
European Union (EU) has purportedly lifted most of its bans on
conducting trade with the country. However, with Washington seeking to
cripple the ZANU-PF government through blocking financial transactions
as well, these measures will make it impossible for the resumption of
normal relations with other states which do not have the same policy
as the Obama administration.

Barclays plc controls 68 percent of shares in Barclays Zimbabwe. The
financial institution said it could not continue to combine Barclays
Bank Zimbabwe with Barclays Africa Group Limited since the firm “is no
longer a good fit with Barclays’ core strategy”. (The Standard, March
6)

In addition the bank said it would reduce its 62.3 percent interest in
Barclays Africa Group Limited as well during the course of the next
two to three years. This would allow the firm to deconsolidate “from a
legal and regulatory perspective.” (Standard)

There is much speculation that the withdrawal of such a multi-national
financial institution like Barclays from the African continent is
indicative of an exodus of capital in the region.

Neighboring South Africa is undergoing an economic downturn where the
value of the national currency and the flight of private investment
have been occurring over the last several months.

Economist Reginald Shoko said of the present situation that “Investors
have a tendency to follow trends. European investors in particular,
prefer working with these international banks when they come to Africa
and in this case, Barclays’ exit could jeopardize this. Therefore,
Africa as a continent and Zimbabwe as a nation will suffer in terms of
FDI.”

Another economist John Robertson said that Barclays Bank Zimbabwe was
a separate subsidiary and it was likely that its local banking
business would continue, unimpeded by the withdrawal of the parent
firm.

“In years to come, when the country recovers, Barclays overseas might
consider its investment options and might put more capital into the
local bank, but as this current withdrawal affects the whole of
Africa, Zimbabwe’s case for support will have to be a very good one,”
Robertson said.

Barclays has conducted business in Zimbabwe since 1912, making it the
second oldest bank in the country after another British bank Standard
Chartered.
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