The African Nation?

Chinweizu: Is there an African nation? Where is it? Are there African nations? If so, where are they? I submit that the African nation does not exist and has never existed. There is the African race, but it is not a nation. There are many African nations, but these are what we have learned to defame by calling them tribes. These so-called tribes were the true nations in pre-colonial Africa. What nowadays are called African nations, are not nations at all; each is just a country under the jurisdiction of a state. It is fashionable to call them nation-states, but that is at best a courtesy. Why is it important to determine whether or not Black Africa is a nation? Pretending that Black Africa is a nation when it is not would be as delusional as leaning on a walking stick without noticing that it is made of ice. When things get warm the ice will melt and you’ll be leaning on air. Alternatively, if a builder lacks cement blocks and, in desperation decides to call heaps of beach sand by the name cement blocks, he will soon find that he can’t lay the heaps course on course like he could actual blocks. For lack of the factors that make a population cohere into a nation, the African nation, being a pseudo nation, would disintegrate under pressure, just like an ice stick in warm weather. For example, suppose you had an army of the so-called African nation. And half your army were Black Muslims each of whom said in his heart: “I am a Muslim and I worship Allah and I follow the way of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). I have no relationship with you, except that your skin is black. The lightest Arab is closer to me than you. If there were to be war between Muslims of any shade of color and the darkest of black people, I will be on the side of Muslims.” If a Black African army is filled with such people, what chance has it of defending Black Africa from the Arabs? Such is the danger of fashionably pretending that there is an African nation when, in fact, it doesn’t yet exist. We should all take to heart Nyerere’s warning: “It is no part of transforming dream into reality to pretend that things are not what they are.” –[Nyerere, “Dilemma of the Pan-Africanist” in Langley ed., Ideologies, .p. 347] Now back to the question: Is Africa a nation? In attempting to answer this question scientifically, rather than sentimentally, we would be helped by starting from the following statements from three different disciplines: Cultural anthropology, Historiography and Biology. Lets hear first from cultural anthropology through Cheikh Anta Diop: “The cultural identity of a people [is] centered on three components—linguistic, historical, and psychic.” --Diop, in Great African Thinkers, p. 268 Also according to Diop, the psychic factor is the domain of poets, singers, storytellers. Note the example of the brothers Grimm who, by collecting German folk tales in their Grimm’s Fairy Tales, laid the psychic foundation of German national identity; also note the role of the epic Kalevala in fostering national identity in Finland; also the role of the Mahabharata epic in fostering Indian national consciousness, and the role of the William Tell legend in the national identity of Switzerland. Similarly, the Old Testament has been an indispensable anchor for Jewish identity; for the Japanese, the Nihon gi or Chronicles of Japan, which was compiled in 720 AD and the Kojiki or Records of Ancient Matters, which was compiled in 712 AD, with their collections of myths, legends, historical accounts, songs, customs, divination and magical practices of ancient Japan, have provided the psychic bedrock of Japanese national identity. Let’s next hear from historiography through Jaques Barzun: “What makes a nation? A large part of the answer to that question is: common historical memories; . . . a common language, a core of historical memories with heroes and villains; . . .a nation is forged into unity by successive wars and the passage of time. . . . It takes a national war to weld the parts together by giving individuals and groups memories of a struggle in common. Needless to add, nationalism can arise only when a nation in this full sense has come into being.” –[Jacques Barzun, Dawn to Decadence, pp. 775, 776,695, 435 Finally, let’s hear from ethology, the biological science of animal behavior, through Robert Ardrey: “A biological nation is a social group …which holds as an exclusive possession a continuous area of space, which isolates itself from others of its kind through outward antagonism, and which through joint defense of its social territory achieves leadership, co-operation and a capacity for concerted action. It does not matter too much whether such a nation be composed of twenty-five individuals or of two hundred and fifty million. It does not matter too much whether we are considering the true lemur, the howling monkey, the smooth-billed ani, the Bushman band, the Greek city-state, or the United States of America. The social principle remains the same. --Robert Ardrey, The Territorial Imperative, pp. 210-211 What Diop, Robert Ardrey, and Jacques Barzun together tell us is that a nation is made by shared language, historical memory of struggles carried out together, and a shared body of myths, legends, epics, songs etc., and demonstrates it nationhood by outward antagonism and the defense of its common territory. It doesn’t take much reflection to grasp the fact that by these criteria, there is no African nation as yet, and there never has been. The African nation, though talked about in some Pan-Africanist circles, remains only an aspiration. The languages are diverse; there is no shared body of myths, legends, epics, songs etc; and the historical consciousness has never been fostered. Unsurprisingly, we do not behave like a nation. We do not defend our joint territory. If there was an African nation already in existence today, it would have manifested its nationhood by collectively defending the portions of the common Black African territory that have been under attack by Arabs for the past half century, as in Mauritania and Sudan. In particular, an all-Black-African army would have gone to defend the people of Darfur from Arab attack since the ethnic cleansing began there. But the rest of Black Africa has left the Mauritanians and Afro Sudanese to their fate, as if they were aliens, and their fate did not concern the rest of us. The behavioral test of territorial defense aside, the contrast between India, China, Arabia on the one hand and black Africa on the other, should highlight the fact that Africa is not and has never been one nation. India was politically unified in the 4th century BC and had shared a common culture for centuries even before that; China was politically unified in the 3rd century BC and has shared a common history and culture ever since. The Arabs became a nation through Mohammed when they finally, and for the first time, shared the same religion and political leadership, and then dispersed, in a burst of imperial aggression, from the Arabian peninsula and spread to occupy the lands from the Persian Gulf westward to the Atlantic coast of Morocco. Thus, the Arabs became a nation 14 centuries ago and have shared a common historical consciousness ever since then. In contrast, it was only in the 20th century, with the European conquest and colonization of all of Africa, that Black Africans first began to think of themselves as one. And they have yet to be unified politically or culturally, let alone in religion. ---------------- Every one of these Black African countries of today is not a nation but a noyau, i.e. “a collection of individuals held together by mutual animosity, who could not survive had they no friends to hate”. Every one of the Black African countries today is populated by people of many pre-colonial nations and is like a refugee camp into which the populations of many genuine nations have been herded by force. What would it take to make nations out of these colonial concentration camps that the Europeans carved out in the late 19th century during their scramble to conquer Africa? And what would it take to make the African race into a nation? Lessons could be learnt from Ashanti, Zulu, India, China. A shared struggle against our Arab enemies would be a good start for a common historical consciousness. But is it much use trying to turn Black Africa into a nation this late in time? I don’t think so. The tasks before us in this 21st century can be accomplished without Black Africa becoming a nation. Fostering Black African unity through various methods is more feasible and desirable. It would be much easier to turn SADC and ECOWAS into nations, into modern superpowers, than to start doing what India and China did three millennia ago by conquest. Copyright © by Chinweizu 2008

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  • South
    Dealing with Chinweizu Again
    Why do some people spend so much time and energy trying to discredit Pan-Africanism? I mean, I can understand why the enemy does it. But, what about Africans doing it? Clearly, discrediting Pan-Africanism does not benefit Africans. In fact, the opposite is true. In fact, I fail to understand how anyone, be they Africans or non-Africans, can benefit by discrediting Pan-Africanism.

    Be that as it may, we once again find ourselves confronted with Chinweizu and his well-known opposition to Pan-Africanism. Why do we take such nonsense seriously? I do not give it much credence. But, I fear that such nonsense harms the development of our youth and retard African Development, socially, economically and politically. So, one again, let us patiently go through this nonsense, expose it and ask ourselves if it makes any sense at all.

    Above, the question is asked “is there an African nation?” Of course Osagyefo Comrade Dr. Kwame Nkrumah thought so. He defined it thusly: all Africans and people of African descent all over the world are Africans and belong to the African nation.” But, people like Chinweizu avoid dealing with this definition directly. Instead, they go and dig up all kinds of divide and conquer confusion from various European, zionist and Jewish sources. What kind of sense does it make to quote those sources to an African audience?

    Next, he jumps into trickery. I mean, give me an ever loving break. Does he really think Africans are dumb enough to fall for this nonsense? Get this: “Why is it important to determine whether or not Black Africa is a nation? Pretending that Black Africa is a nation when it is not would be as delusional as leaning on a walking stick without noticing that it is made of ice.” “…Black Africa is a nation?” I have a better question: is there any such thing as “Black Africa”? Of course there is no “nation” based on “Black Africa” precisely because there is no “Black Africa”; and there never has been as far as can be determined is scientific sources. It is always hard to dissect such non-sense. But, let us start here and show just how ridiculous this whole thing really is.

    Africa: the Motherland from which we came. Africa is a geo-political reality. But, can we scientifically define it in terms of being “Black”? The quick answer in a most emphatic NO.
    Take a few examples. Let’s start with Southern Africa to get right to the point. Are Southern Africans “Black”? Not in terms of being Southern Africans. Some tribes have a black complexion. But many if not most, do not. Go to this site for a picture of Zulu people: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu. Clearly these are a brown skin people, not a Black one such as are the nearby Bantus.
    Let us take Madagascar, off the coast of Southern Africa: “The Malagasy (French: Malgache) ethnic group forms the vast majority of the population of Madagascar. They are divided into two subgroups: the "Highlander" Merina, Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateaux around Antananarivo, Alaotra (Ambatondrazaka) and Fianarantsoa, and the côtiers ("coastal dwellers") elsewhere in the country. There is also a population of afrodescendents in northern Peru that are of Malagasy descent and call themselves Mangaches or Malgaches and there is a section of Piura called la Mangachería. (
    This division has its roots in historical patterns of settlement: the original Austronesian settlers arrived between the third and tenth centuries and established a network of principalities in the central highlands region conducive to growing the rice…” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_people) There are three important facts to be noted here. One, Africans traveled to virtually all parts of the world, including the Americas, in prehistoric times. Two, the Asians who came to Africa during the same times blended with the local Africans just as the Africans in other regions blended with the locals. This is only natural. Three, there were no invasions in the sense that Europeans invaded Africa and set up colonies. Those Africans who have brown complexions arrived from Asia and other regions long before there was the alleged Arab invasion with the spread of Islam. In Madagascar, this occurred beginning in the third century, hundreds of years before Islam.

    The bottom line is no part of Africa can be adequately described or defined in racial or even ethnic terms, much less in skin color terms. So, let us just forget about Mr. Chinweizu’s racial nonsense in this discussion. It is totally and absolutely out of place here. Likewise, we can disregard Mr. Chinweizu’s apparent sectarian hatreds because the issue of skin color has nothing, repeat NOTHING, to do with any major religious sect, least of all Islam.

    Fools love company. Now, Mr. Chinweizu would have us take note of others misguided spirits such as Uncles Julius Nyerere and Cheihk Diop. But, apparently fearing that folks would not accept the opinions of these two nitwits, he offers us his white masters, namely Jacques Barzun and Robert Ardrey. Really? Well, if we learn nothing else, let us learn to never, repeat NEVER, accept European opinions about Africans. At least take the time to do some research to verify and substantiate whatever they have to say about us.

    “The African nation, though talked about in some Pan-Africanist circles, remains only an aspiration. The languages are diverse; there is no shared body of myths, legends, epics, songs etc; and the historical consciousness has never been fostered.” Every single country in Africa has been colonized by Europeans. Every second grader knows this. But, Uncle, I mean Mr., Chinwiezu apparently slept through second grade. Plus, many of us were enslaved by the same Europeans. It don’t take no rocket scientist to see that All-Africans have a shared trauma from oppression, exploitation and abuse. What African in America is not familiar with “myths” about slavery times and the plantation mentality? This is why Mr. Chinweizu reminds us so much of Uncle Tom: his “songs” come from the “legends” and “epics” of the slave trade and colonization.

    Now, let us take a further look at what is meant by African Nation, capital “N”. All have common institutions, namely the African Union, the Pan-African Parliament, the African Unification Front and a few political parties that subscribe to Pan-Africanism. Arabic is used to some extent in every, repeat EVERY, African country in the world. Even the remote islands of the Caribbean have large Muslim populations who use Arabic. This is not because “Islam invaded” these islands. It is because the slave traders brought so many Muslims into slavery. Many of these slaves were not “Black Africans” at all. Many of them were Muslims from West Africa, North Africa, East Africa and Southern Africa. Many had Asian ancestry and Arab ancestry. The simple fact of the matter is that many of these slaves were kidnapped at night and the slave traders could not determine their skin colors or races until the next day. So, we all ended up in the west as slaves regardless to our skin colors, our races, our ethnicities and our religions. Muslims prayed with Christians and Jews. “Black Africans married Arabs, etc. Now, we all form parts of the African Nation, capital “N”.

    But, there is one more fact to consider. The “Arabs” of North Africa did not “invade” Africa. In the case of the spread of Islam into Africa, it came as a liberating force, to liberate Egypt, for instance, from European domination (http://fudaa.blogspot.com/search?q=ibn+al+as). In the case of the Berbers of Western Sahara, for instance, they have already been in Africa for at least as long as 200,000 years (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamazight and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers)
    These are a few facts. What intelligent Africans must do is study and learn how to study African history. Indeed, the African Nation is defined as having a common history. This common history is a history of our shared heritage of Africa and our suffering and pain for being Africans. Thus, Pan-Africanism is a geo-political ideology and a social and cultural one. Pan-Africanism defines the African Nation. Again, it includes all people of African descent, regardless to religion or skin color.
  • NYMetro
    Is there an African nation? Yes. It is within the Queendom of Wafrakan. It is found within the people who have been scattered globally or held in borders on the continent without regards to ethnicity, culture or language. It is within these same people who work for self determination and unification as a nation within nations. Within the Queendom of Wafrakan these people have arrived at sovereignty and interdependence. We are yet to be acknowledged and recognized. Our people still react to slavery and colonialism, both of which are great obstacles to Black people getting to know thyself. As tribes and nation states we are embodied in systems of which we have no control and thus are forced to follow whether it is in our best interest or not. The sad part is that the majority remain in the comfort zone. Our nationalities are based on skin colour within nationalities. I do submit that the African nation exist and will be found when we decide to know about ourselves and are willing to work together to defend our interest not as individuals, but as a group of people.
    Nefertari Ahmose.
  • hetep,

    one thing that comes to mind is frantz fanon's works, which are very profound pieces of literary material. he notes that we have to remove from ourselves the psychopathic nature of europeanism that afrikans have internalized. i, myself, have come to ask the question of whether or not we can kill that nigga in us? the language may be offensive, as it is not my intentions to offend, but the fact is is that afrikans have become so saturated with the disease of whiteness that we find ourselves believing in things that we think are or project as afrikan, when they mimicry european psycho-dysfunctionalism. the arabs, under their psychology of mohammedism, just preceded the european beast that has left afrikans in a double state of dysfunctionalism, which should allow us to see how non-afrikan we have been and continue to be, in terms of defining an afrikan nation from the three positions mentioned above. in the end, what it seems to boil down to is violence as a scientific method of applied force to achieve an end to a means, the same ideology that both the arab and the christian has employed with tremendous success at the behest of the colonialization and exploitation of afrikans.

    uhuru!
  • West
    I think that because you can list and contrast major events , trends , and historical developements in Africa's 'post-colonial' socio-political environment , with the evolutions of societies out-side of black-africa , the 'answer' to this question becomes more apparent ... and because africa's post-colonial experience has been relatively brief , to compare her lack of progress and solidarity (as a nation) , with most any other society of individuals would result in a very skewed comparison , at best .
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