From John Ashworth
Group [sudan-john-ashworth]
Monday, November 21, 2011
Wisdom from 1972
This letter (below) is currently circulating amongst South Sudanese
comrades, who have a long institutional memory. It seems remarkably
prescient, considering it was written almost 40 years ago. While South
Sudan has solved its problem with "Arab Chauvinism" by seceding, much
of the advice in this letter might still seem valid to the people of
the "new" southern Sudan in Blue Nile and South Kordofan, as well as
Darfur, the Beja, those demonstrating against the dam in Meroe, and
many other marginalised areas and peoples of the Republic of Sudan.
John
BEGIN
DR JOHN GARANG LETTER TO GEN JOSEPH LAGU JAN 1972:
Khartoum – Anyanya
Negotiation: Guidelines.
The General Headquarters
Anyanya National Armed Forces
South Sudan
January 24, 1972
The Commander in chief
Anyanya National Armed Forces
Leader of the Southern Sudan Liberation Movement
Members of the Anyanya SSLM Negotiation Committee
Dear compatriots:
That we are strong, growing in force and power to be reckoned with in
Sudanese politics. Status and future is evidenced by the fact that the
Khartoum administration is now interested in negotiating a peace
settlement directly with the Anyanya.
We must take a firm stand all the way in the coming talks. The Numeiry
regime is a sick administration ripe to collapse any time. We must not
be tricked into committing suicide to lay down our instruments of
liberation, arms, by a withering and dying regime just for the purpose
of lengthening its own days of breath or just that some opportunistic
Southerners find a means of employment in the blood of our people.
We are already at war and we are growing stronger everyday while
sooner or later the Numeiry regime will go, but nothing will ever
defeat us if we persist in the war. Let no one among you or among the
enemy have the mistaken and opportunist’s view that these talks are
the last chance of peace for Southern Sudanese people. Let no one have
incorrect view that if these talks collapse and fail war will break
out. We are already at war for the last nine to seventeen years. The
Anyanya and Southern Sudanese people are capable and ready to fight on
for another nine years or more if no correct and acceptable solution
is found.
Any solution within the context of a New United Sudan must first and
foremost recognize the Anyanya as the legitimate army of the Southern
Sudanese people. The implementation of whatever degree of merging
agreed by the negotiating armies and administrations to the United New
Sudan must take not less then ten years ; during this time the two
armies and administrations must maintain separate identities while
conditions for their gradual merging into United New Sudan are being
created by both sides. This is the only procedure that guarantees the
future and interests of the Southern Sudanese people in a United New
Sudan and the objective indication that both sides are sincere in
seeking the cessation of belligerency, peaceful settlement and life in
a United Sudan.
Following is a more comprehensive presentation of guidelines to the
spirit, objectives and strategy which should be adopted at the talks
and which, if followed, could possibly lead to a solution acceptable
to the rank-and-file of the Anyanya and the Southern Sudanese People.
A. THE OBJECTIVE REALITIES:
i. The Central Problem in
the Sudanese war is the dominance of Arab Nationalism. It is
historically a universal law that in whatever multi-nationality
country where one of the nationalities is economically and politically
(and therefore socially and culturally) dominant over other
nationalities, that country is pregnant with instability, discontent
and crisis eventually erupting in warfare. Such has been the case in
the Sudan.
ii. The Southern Sudanese people, in
conformity with historical necessity, took up arms against the glaring
oppression and neglect meted on them by the forces of Arab
Nationalism, an oppression and neglect which were as glaring as they
were cruel , rackless and raking as they were arrogant. It was only
after the virtual exhaustion of all peaceful constitutional
possibilities of multi-national coexistence with a United Progressive
Sudan that the disaffection and indignation of the Southern Sudanese
People reached their human boundaries and war broke out, war had to
break out.
iii. Constitutional guarantees against
exactions and barbarities of Arab Nationalism, accommodations and
adjustments to the mal-practices of Arab Chauvinism have all failed
the past to be respected and to meet the aspirations of the Southern
Sudanese People. This is why war had to break out in the first place.
iv. There is no reason, absolutely no
objective reason for clearheaded Southerners and Northerners alike to
believe after eight years and more of continuous warfare and the
repeated failures of some forms of constitutional guarantees that
paper constitutional guarantees are now going to solve the war in the
Sudan. Any Southerner who holds the mistaken view that Arab
Nationalism now sincere, now means good business, now gives the South
local autonomy in good faith and that this autonomy will be
guaranteed by a few phrases scribbled on some sheets of paper stapled
and bound together and christened “ The Constitution”, that Southerner
either suffers from acute historical myopia or else advocates the
treasonable stand of opportunism, national subjugation and continued
Arab Chauvinism and domination; in short, such Southerner calls for
surrender in a camouflaged form.
v. It is historically evident that
unless a correct consistent Social Democratic solution is found to the
Central Question, i.e., to the problem of economic and political
domination of Arab Nationalism over other nationalities, then, any
attempts at solving the war in Sudan, no matter how refined and
logical on paper, will always end in certain failure.
vi. There is no objective indication
that the Khartoum-based Arab nationalist administration are capable of
concluding a consistent social democratic solution to the National
Question in the Sudan. Arab Nationalism in the Sudan, consistent with
its predatory nature, proposes and declares solutions such as “local
autonomy” within the context of a United Arab Sudan. Such
muddle-headedness returns us back to 1963 and1955 and is an objective
indication that the necessary mutation which would enable ruling
Northerners to face up to the objective realities of the Sudan has not
yet taken root.
vii. There are only two possible ways for
resolving the Sudanese crises: The birth of two nation-states out of
the present (geographical) Sudan or political autonomy for both the
South and the North (and/or any other part that so demands) in a
federated United New Sudan. Political Autonomy in this usage means
that the autonomous regions have adequate political power, in terms of
armed forces, to protect the region against the encroachment by the
federation or by one of the regions in the federation, and,
furthermore, that a region retains the right to secede from the
federation if its interests are not adequately served by the
federation. (It must be clear to Southerners that the retention of the
right to secede from such a federation must be guaranteed by the
federal constitution and by the existence of a physical Southern Armed
Forces.)
viii. We can not dwell on the status of
matters regarding the super-structure such as judicial system,
fundamental rights and freedoms, personal liberty, freedom of religion
and conscience, freedom of minority to use their language and develop
their culture, education, tele-communications, census , etc, etc.(all
contained in Mading de Garang’s proposed constitution for the
democratic republic of Sudan). The status of these and others will
ultimately depend on either the solution is two nation-states or
political autonomy (as defined above) for the two regions (or more) in
a federated (NEW) Sudan. These peripheral issues must not be allowed
to detract the deliberations of the talks, nota bene para VII above.
(B) THE NECESSARY CONDITIONS, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGY FOR THE TALKS
It is imperative that the basis and necessary conditions be created
and for these basis and conditions to be developed and mature so as to
objectively arrive at a United (NEW) and lasting peace. This approach
is to start from the objective realities of the Sudan. It is
chauvinistic and naive to start with assumption of a United (ARAB)
Sudan and then turn around and try to force the contradictory
objective realities to conform to the subjective naïve assumption and
wishes of a United Arab Sudan. Hence it follows from the objective
facts in section (A) that for a United New Sudan the following
conditions must be met:
i. Arab Nationalism in the Sudan must be
categorically renounced. This concretely means that Arab Nationalism
must no longer be neither an internal (therefore) nor an external
policy and practice in the United New Sudan.
ii. There at present two armies, the
Anyany and the army of the Khartoum administration; these armies are
now at war in the Sudan. This point we hope is recognized by all as
an objective existence for that is precisely why there are
negotiations. Well, if the Sudan is to be a one United Country, if
this is the interests of both Northerners and Southerners, then, which
of these two warring armies will be the army of the New Sudan the
Anyanya, the army of the Khartoum administration or both and how
and/or why?
iii. The Anyanya thus must firstly be
accepted by the Khartoum administration as the arm of the South Sudan.
Failure to recognize the Anyanya the legitimate army of the South
would amount to denial or refusal to admit a physical existence, and
the result of such naïveté would be the inevitable collapse of the
negotiations and the continuation of the war whether anybody likes it
or not.
iv. The solution to the war and for
the United NEW Sudan must be viewed as a synthesis of two armies (the
Anyanya and the army of the Khartoum rulers) and the formation of a
new type of army consistent with the particularity of the NEW Sudan.
The solution must not be looked at or hoped to be (as is always the
case) the ABSORPTION of one army the Anyanya into other (the army of
the Khartoum Arab Administration), but rather as we said as a
SYNTHESIS of two warring armies. Whether such synthesis is possible
depends on whether the necessary mutation within the forces of the
Arab Nationalism and within the Anyanya exists. I am not aware that
there has been such an objective necessary mutation, but I am only
assuming its implied existence for otherwise there would be no
objective grounds for the negotiations! And the originators of these
negotiations could legitimately be charged with treasonable political
scheming and racketeering against the beloved people.
v. A minimum period of five years
must initially be allowed for the creation and maturation of necessary
conditions and mutations required by the merging of the two
belligerent armies and administrations into the New Sudan divorced of
belligerency and of the basic cause of belligerence, Arab Nationalism.
The armies and administrations of the Anyanya and of the Khartoum
dictatorship must maintain separate identities during these five years
of groundwork of conditions for Unity.
vi. After the first initial five years
of groundwork another minimum period of five years must be allowed for
the actualization of the agreed degree of merging by the two armies
and administrations. Merging and the actual objective formation of the
NEW Sudan will be rapid in the second five years period, since the
necessary conditions and mutations for a United NEW Sudan will have
been created in the first five years of groundwork.
vii. We have made the above
recommendations (guidelines) after a brief presentation of the
objective political realities of the Sudan, nota bene Section (A)
above. We have made these recommendations without fear of intimidation
and with sincerity, objectivity and to the best interests of the
Peoples of South Sudan, Africa and the world. We strongly believe that
a United NEW Sudan and lasting peace and progress can be arrived at
only through ACTION and not through PAPER declarations, resolutions
and mechanical scheming. If the solution is sought within the spirit
and logic of the above facts and recommendations, then, peace,
progress and a United (NEW) Sudan are possible objectives to realize.
But if, on the contrary hand, a solution is sought within the spirit
of Arab Nationalism and the context of a United Arab Sudan, then,
gentlemen of the negotiations, instability, crisis and continued
warfare are the only invited options and the Anyanya consistent with
its historical and historic task of African liberation will take these
options so mercilessly and mercifully placed upon its shoulders by
blood thirsty Arab Chauvinism.
END
B.F.Bankie
Sudan Sensitisation Project (SSP)
www.bankie.info
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